Modern Medicine Has Developed A Pain Management Solution...

Childbirth has been said to be one of, if not the most painful experience a woman can undergo. Modern medicine has developed a pain management solution for labor pains consisting of very effective, sometimes dangerous medication administration. However, this intervention for pain control is not available for over half of the pregnant women in the world, as many of these babies are born in third world countries with little or no medical or pharmacological assistance. Some reasons for the lack of assistance are because of the lack of resources, lack of money, and geographical location. Many of these families find other forms of interventions that help with the birthing process. These interventions are called alternative, natural, or complementary forms of medicine. Some examples of these complementary forms of medicine are yoga, relaxation, and acupressure. These types of interventions aren’t only used for women without access to western medical technologies. Many times, mothers deny the help of medication due to personal preference, or can’t have it due to certain health concerns. A woman interviewed on November 14, possesses a dangerous allergic reaction to pain medication and therefore only uses natural medicine during her children’s births (R. Tormanen, personal communication, November 14, 2015). This paper will discuss examples of different types of natural medicines that are used, and how effective they are in managing labor pains. Despite the popular use of westernShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Position Paper - Against Euthanasia2246 Words   |  9 Pagesshould not go for euthanasia, since she has a biographical life. He came to the right conclusion, even though he did not have a valid argument. The author should have advised the patient not to commit euthanasia by using the three main arguments against euthanasia, which are the Bible from a Christian prospective, the effective pain management, and the fear of abuse if euthanasia were le galized. Case History: A seventy one-year-old Christian woman developed cancer in her kidney. Physicians helpedRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension1579 Words   |  7 Pagessuffered from high blood pressure due to a lack of modern medicine that regulates and maintains hypertension. However, in the past fifty years, a wide range of hypertension (high blood pressure) medications have been created that have normalized the blood pressure of a majority of patients. Additionally, the alleviation of hypertension resulted in a decrease in other fatal incidents such as stroke and heart attack. Despite the fact that the creation of medicine is the role of pharmacologists, normal scientistsRead MoreModern Medicine, Urban Medicine And Industrial Medicine2097 Words   |  9 Pagesexample, as a frame of reference. The working hypothesis of the author is that modern medicine is social medicine, and therefore a social practice that has been developed in the capitalist society since the end of th e 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, and this is responsible for three forms of medicine: State medicine, urban medicine and industrial medicine. He analyses each of these forms of medicine and it is relation to the current structure in Germany, France and England, andRead MoreInnovation and Technology in Healthcare1775 Words   |  8 PagesInnovation and Technology in Healthcare In recent times, healthcare has been revolutionized by technology. Modern healthcare relies heavily on a number of electronic gadgets. These gadgets can take the blood count of a patient to keeping them alive through heart-lung machines. Telemedicine has now come into its own. The delivery of healthcare and exchange of data across vast distances through the transfer of basic patient information such as CT scans, MRI pictures, ultrasound studies and pathologyRead MoreOrganizational Leadership and Interprofessional Team Development10384 Words   |  42 Pagesalong with the surrounding 17 counties. It is the most comprehensive healthcare provider in the area. Founded over 65 years ago, it has grown from one facility into a family of healthcare provider’s delivering a broad range of advanced medical services to the people of West Texas. The hospital serves these communities with a high level of comprehensive care and has created more access points for their health care needs. J ust over sixty years ago, the citizens of this area saw the need to build aRead MoreAdvances in Medical Technology Essay2175 Words   |  9 Pagescenturies, medical technology has developed to a great extent. Studies show that recent equipment has evolved more in the last ten to twenty years than in the past thousand years. Before human time, people learned to treat themselves by just using natural substances. Now-a-days, our hi-tech systems in the medical field have been created for the most effective tools for a high level of patient care. While they advance the tools, it will then allow for quicker diagnosis, less pain, and fewer costs, whichRead MoreTurmeric Mouthwash4563 Words   |  19 Pagesenergy flow and lowers cholesterol levels. It contains non-volatile pigments as well as an essential oil which contains bisabolene, guaiene and several other germacrane type sesquiterpenes, including a- and b-turmerone, curlone and zingiberene. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic (fights tumors) properties. Therapeutic uses * Internal use * This herb can be used internally to assist with digestive problems and skin complaints, circulatory disorders as wellRead MoreThe Impact Of Marketing On Business Management1927 Words   |  8 Pagesturn of the 20th century. This company was a startup creating the building blocks of modern medicine-needles and syringes, for the deliverance of medications, vaccinations and blood collection devices to support accurate diagnosis, and many other technologies for delivery in healthcare. One hundred and eighteen years later after completing their twelve-billion-dollar acquisition of CareFusion, the company has stronger capabilities and they have a renewed spirit of innovation to address some of theRead More4366894 14278 Words   |  18 Pagespharmnaceuticals,whether of the ethical or proprietory variety, can go a long way in meeting the health-care needs of the people, especially of the vast majority living in far-flung villages. The piropagation of household medicines and widening the distribution network for these medicines, the autthor argules, becomes specially importanit in the context of the limited resouirces available for extending medical care facilities. THE pharmaceutical industry inherited by independent India in 1947 was, by andRead MoreEssay on Midwife1897 Words   |  8 Pageswere the priests, the household heads, basically the alpha dogs which left the women in charge of the house and the kids. They were the physicians of their time and that was all they had. As stated above, midwives were the original OB/GYNs, their medicine is still being used, indirectly, to this very day, and they still found ways to keep improving their amenities by â€Å"providing the same services your OB/GYN would offer.† (Doherty, 2010). By informing Americans about the education of Certified Nurse-Midwives

Medias Influence On Eating Disorders - 1767 Words

â€Å"Dying to be Perfect†: Medias’ Influence on Eating Disorders Poet Allen Ginsberg once said that â€Å"whoever controls the media-the images-controls the culture†, and nothing could be truer than this. Media plays a larger role in society within this generation more than many of us are aware of. It can easily impact people’s lives through aspects such as sports, fashion, movies or hobbies, but unfortunately, one of these impacts is how we view our body. Media constantly posts images and messages promoting a nearly unachievable and unrealistic image of what beauty looks like and it almost always has negative fallout when we struggle to meet this. This is known as an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological sickness that results in dangerous eating habits and both short and long term affects on the body. People with eating disorders generally have a negative perception of their self will try to control their weight through unnecessary dieting, exercising or purging. But how does this illness begin? Social media site s, advertising, celebrities and other forms of media through society are all social pressures that are influencing people to be â€Å"perfect† and causing this expanding matter. The three main types of disorders are anorexia, binge eating and bulimia. Anorexia is a disorder caused by an insufficient amount of food intake, leading to a weight that is clearly to low, an irrational fear of weight gain and a distorted bodyShow MoreRelatedMedia Influence on Eating Disorders Essay1800 Words   |  8 PagesWith eating disorders on the rise today, the media plays an important role in affecting self-esteem, leading a large amount of young adults to develop eating disorders. Many adolescents see the overbearing thin celebrities and try to reach medias level of thinness and ideal body weight. Sixty-nine of the girls reported that magazine pictures influenced their idea of the perfect body shape (Field). Not only is being thin associated with other positive characteristics such as, lova ble, popular,Read MoreEssay about The Media?s Influence on Eating Disorders2203 Words   |  9 PagesThe Medias Influence on Eating Disorders Eating disorders are mental illnesses that affect more than 7 million American women and usually develop in girls ages 12-25. The most common age for a girl to begin having an eating disorder is 17 years old (Discovery Health?). The National Eating Disorders Association states that eating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social issues. Media images help define cultural definitionsRead MoreInfluence of American Mass Media Ideals on Body Image and Eating Disorders in the U.S1243 Words   |  5 PagesMass media have an enormous impact on society and how people act, especially in developed countries. How do mass media influence views of body image and the development of eating disorders? People living in countries influenced by Western culture show concern for their appearance or dietary habits daily. This paper will analyze the effect of mass media on the issues of body image and eating disorders in the United States. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TRRead MorePromotion Of Eating Disorders And Social Medi Research Prospectus1110 Words   |  5 PagesPromotion of Eating Disorders in Social Media: Research Prospectus Background Eating disorders are defined as any range of psychological disorders, characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. And in today’s society these disorders are fairly common. Anorexia is a disorder characterized by a desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. And bulimia is a disorder involving distortion of body image, and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depressionRead MoreEssay about Socio-Cultural Influences on Eating Disorders 1073 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluencing our choices† (Bagley). The media is highly affective to everyone, although they promote an improper image of living. Research proved says those with low self-esteem are most influenced by media. Media is not the only culprit behind eating disorders. However, that does not mean that they have no part in eating disorders. Media is omnipresent and challenging it can halt the constant pressure on people to be perfect (Bagley). Socio-cultural influe nces, like the false images of thin women haveRead MoreThe Medi A Helping Hand For Eating Disorders1279 Words   |  6 Pages Crystal Medina-Corchado Professor DeLuise ENGL-1105-40-F15 25 October 2015 The Media: A Helping Hand for Eating Disorders The media has taken a majority of time in the modern world, while morphing the ability to influence thought processes and how the brain perceives things around it. Television, for example, and even more so relevant—the Internet are the most powerful forms of media as they are able to produce advertisements that reflect and are more relatable to the targeted audience. Since theRead MoreMapping the Issue: Eating Disorders Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pages Ever since the development of the media such as television, the internet, various fashion magazines and commercial advertisements, society focused more and more on personal appearances. Not only were runway models becoming slimmer but the viewers that watched and read about them were becoming more concerned with their weight. In the past fifty years the number of adolescent girls developing eating disorders increased just as television, advertisements, and magazines were becoming a social norm thatRead MoreMedias Effect on Eatin g Disorders1164 Words   |  5 PagesMedia’s Effect On Eating Disorders Symbolic Interactionism is a theory focusing on the approach that has evolved from social behaviorism and that stresses the symbolic nature of human interaction (p. 46). In society, there are norms and expectations that people are expected to follow and live by and trying to achieve this ideal self-image, people sometime behave in a self-destructing behavior. Because the media creates an image that we are suppose to fit, people will go to the extreme measuresRead MoreThe Media Is Responsible For The Increase Of Eating Disorders1452 Words   |  6 Pagesdemonstrate different viewpoints on how the media plays a role in today’s era. My research will study the influence of media on eating behaviors and the significant studies regarding this topic. My paper will also cover the outcomes of media portraying unhealthy body images, weight loss ads, and the influence of the internet encouraging eating disorders. Based on the research, it can be clear that the media is responsible for the increase of eating disorders in today’s society. Therefore, it is importantRead MoreEffects Of Social Media Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of effects social media has on society, especially adolescent girls as that age group is mainly targeted. The role of media has changed drastically from when it first started to now. It was first created for the main purpose of communicating information. Although that is still true to this day, there are also other purposes for the media now. Media presents information through books, posters, the web and etc. One of the most popular forms of media today is social media. That includes Facebook

Darwin s Theory Of Evolution - 1339 Words

Countless scientists spent their lives working on a succinct theory of evolution, but none found as great of popularity and success as Charles Darwin. Using his concept of Natural Selection, Darwin managed to explain evolution in not just the organic world, but also in humans. The fact that Darwin’s theory transfers so easily to human society is no coincidence. After Darwin’s Beagle voyage, he returned to England during the Industrial Revolution. As a man of wealth, Darwin acted as a first-hand witness to the societal changes occurring around him. The Industrial Revolution, along with the corresponding economic theories of Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus, influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution as well as helped make his theory popular among social elitists. The Beagle voyage lasted for five years; during that time Darwin had no idea that London went through a period of extreme urbanization. The city became a sewage filled wasteland where people lived in squalor, o vercrowding paved the way for roaring epidemics, and the Thames River resembled â€Å"Monster Soup† due to the copious amounts of waste dumped into the water. Darwin grew up in a very wealthy family and distanced himself from the massive amounts of poverty. This allowed him to witness the enormous stratification of social classes. He connected what he observed in London, the competition for resources and the struggle for survival, and applied those ideas to the organic world as the basis for his evolutionary theory. TheShow MoreRelatedDarwin s Theory On Evolution1018 Words   |  5 PagesDarwin’s theory on Evolution Evolution is the belief that all living forms including humans came from ancient ancestors. Evolution is what makes life possible. It allows organisms to adapt to the environment as it changes. In Biology, theory of evolution does not tell us how life began on earth, but it helps us understand how life came into existence, diversified in many forms on earth, and fossil records. Scientists have many theories on evolution. One of the theories suggests all the healthyRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1115 Words   |  5 Pages There are many theories as to what scientist believe is the forth coming of evolution or what they deem to be the reasoning behind its development. However, Charles Darwin would change the theories of evolution and would go down in history as one of the greatest influential figures in human existence. Although some scientist disagree with Darwin’s Theory, Darwin is the only person who was able to provide sufficient evidence to prove his theory of evolution. The one question that remains, Can GodRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages When Charles Darwin wrote The Origin Of Species, there was controversy over his theory of evolution natural selection. Darwin’s theory was debated between Thomas Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1860. Wilberforce was against the idea that all living things descended from a common ancestor. He was highly critical of Darwin’s research, often arguing in his review that many points in Darwin’s theory did not have enough support to be valid. Read MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1620 Words   |  7 PagesDarwin first presented his theory of evolution by natural selection through his book called ‘On the Origin of Species’. The book was released in 1859 and it explained the process of how organisms changed over time through the result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. These changes allow an organism to adapt to the environment that it inhabits so that the organism’s chanc es of survival improve and produce more offspring (Than, 2015). However, biological evolution does not simplyRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution859 Words   |  4 PagesAnother issue is that Darwin’s theory has many holes the scientists are unable to fill. These holes are obvious in Dwain’s theory of evolution. Craig Belanger works for EBSCO Publishing he stated in his Biography of Charles Darwin, which was found on the TRC database under Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition Belanger said that, Although there are many facets to Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, at its core is the idea that a species ability to evolve is based on itsRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1483 Words   |  6 PagesDarwin’s theory of evolution states that â€Å"by natural selection, organisms that possess heritable traits that enable them to better adapt to their environment, compared with other members of their species will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass more of their genes on to the next generation†. The grouping of organisms in the classification table is not just the result of similarities, colours, ecological functions, etc, it also covers and expresses information about our understanding ofRead MoreDarwin And Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1201 Words   |  5 PagesIt is often thought today that the theory of evolution started with Darwin and begun in the nineteenth Hundreds. Nonetheless, the thought of species changing over the years, had pic ked up for a long time in one shape to something else. It was denied by the maximum, due to the defender whom did not had any slight idea dealing with a gratifying mechanism that would analyze in innovation. The utmost significant evolutionary beliefs pervious to Darwin were of Lamarck and Geoffrey Hillarie, advanced aroundRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Biological Evolution1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Evolution refers to the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today† (Campbell, 1993). However, a lot of things can change over a period of time. The â€Å"Father of Evolution† who is known as Charles Darwin, developed the theory of biological evolution. This theory has long been debated during and after darwin s time. Biological evolution can be seen through a momentous change in organisms by changing of the genetic compositionRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1750 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin is remembered for his theory of evolution. Much controversy surrounds Darwin s theory. Questions abound. Is evolution a four billion year old process, creating life forms primarily at random but each shaped by an ever-changing and complex environment, that has resulted in all of the wondrous life forms that surround us? Or are all of those beautiful elements of our nature, along with the vastness and majesty of the entire universe, a creation of an intellect of vast intelligence andRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was a British man who became one of the greatest contributors to the study of evolution. He was a naturalist who was able to develop a theory of evolution based on biological changes that he witnessed occurring in varieties of samples on his travels all around the world. Charles Darwin is valuable in science history, simply because he was the first geologists who had come the closest for closi ng the gap on how and why biological changes occurred. The naturalist and geologist

Influence of Advertising Free Essays

Terese Kruszka Beth Lewis How Advertising Influences Us 1. Calfee made it a point in his advertising that Kelloggs all-bran cereal is high in fiber. With being high in fiber it can reduce the risk of some kinds of cancer. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now He also used the advertising to inform people on their diet and how it can improve with that particular cereal. An advantage of Kelloggs coming out with high fiber cereal would be more brands would come out with other cereals with other nutrients that our bodies could use. Some other brands have cereals high in calcium which some people think it is just as good as high fiber. A disadvantage would be that all the brands are constantly trying to out do each other, by making their cereals much healthier and needed in consumers diets. 2. The spillover benefits of advertising are when people who have useful information that failed to reach people who need it because producers could not change a price to cover the costs. 3. Some of the ways free marketing competition in advertising benefits consumers is by reducing the cost of the ads. Calfee advertisement is regulated by the FTC who encourage his ads and make it perfectly legal. 4. The tone of this article is that Calfee is proving his advertisement is a huge success. He also proves that throughout the years he has been successful by informing people on what the effects may be from using the products. Calfee has information and facts of each point he tries to get across in the article. How to cite Influence of Advertising, Essay examples

Criminology free essay sample

There are a number of suspected causes of violence. Some violent criminals have personal traits that make them violence-prone, including mental impairments, and intellectual dysfunction. Victims of severe child abuse and neglect may become violence-prone adults. Violence may have its roots in human evolution, being almost instinctual in some instances. Drug and alcohol abuse has been linked to violence through a psychopharmacological relationship, economic compulsive behavior, or systemic link. Although guns do not cause violence, their presence can escalate its severity. Subcultures of violence encourage people to use aggressive tactics to solve disputes. Some nations have cultures that make them prone to violence. Forcible Rape Incidence of rape Types of rapist Types of rape- date, marital, statutory Causes of rape- evolutionary, biological factors, male socialization, psychological abnormality, social learning, sexual motivation. Rape and the law(Aggravated Rape)- proving rape, consent, legal reform Murder and Homicide Degrees of murder- 1st degree, 2nd degree, manslaughter, voluntary/non-negligent manslaughter, involuntary/negligent manslaughter Deliberate indifferent murder Nature and extent of murder- infanticide, filicide, eldercide Murderous relations- romantic, personal, stranger, student Serial killers- thrill killers, mission killers, expedience killers Female serial killers Mass murders- revenge killers, love killers, profit killers, terrorists killers Spree killers Assault and Battery Nature and extent of assault Domestic violence- child abuse (neglect, child sexual abuse), causes of child abuse, parental abuse, spousal abuse Robbery Armed robbery Acquaintance robbery Checkpoints Forcible rape has been known throughout history and is often linked with war and violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Types of rape include date rape, marital rape, and statutory rape; types of rapists include serial rapists and sadists. Suspected cause of rape include male socialization, hypermasuclinity, and biological determinism. Murder can involve either strangers or acquaintances. Typically, stranger murder occurs during a felony; acquaintance murder involves an interaction or interpersonal transaction between people who may be related romantically, through business dealings or in other ways. Mass murder is the killing of numerous victims in a single outburst; serial killing involves numerous victims over an extended period of time. Spree killers attack multiple victims over short periods of time. Patterns of assault are quite similar to those of homicide. Millions of cases of child abuse and spousal abuse occur each year. There are also numerous cases of parent abuse. Robbers use force to steal. Some are opportunists looking for ready cash; others are professionals who have a long-term commitment to crime. Both types pick their targets carefully, which suggests that their crimes are calculated rather than spontaneous. Emerging forms of Interpersonal Violence Hate crimes- roots of hate, thrill-seeking, reactive, mission, retaliatory hate crimes Nature and extent of hate crimes Controlling hate crimes Free Speech? Workplace violence Stalking Political Violence and Terrorism Terrorists Guerillas Insurgents Revolutionaries Contemporary forms of Terrorism Revolutionary Political National Cause-based Environmental State Sponsored Criminal What Motivates Terrorists and Terrorism Physical disturbance Alienation Indoctrination into extremism Explaining state terrorism Responses to Political Violence and Terrorism Patriot Act Checkpoints Hate crimes are violent acts against targets selected because of their religion, race, ethnic background, gender, or sexual orientation. Some hate criminals are thrill seekers; others are motivated by hatred of outsiders; still others believe they are on a mission. More than 10,000 people are the targets of hate crimes each year in the United States, Workplace violence has become commonplace. Its is believed to be related to a number of factors, including job stress and insensitive management style. Political crimes are committed when people believe that violence is the only means available to produce political change. Revolutionary terrorists seek to overthrow those in power; political terrorists oppose overnment polices; nationalist terrorists are minority group members who want to carve out a homeland; cause-based terrorists use violence to address their grievances; environmental terrorists aim at frightening off developers; state-sponsored terrorism is aimed at political dissenters or minority groups; criminal terrorists are more concerned with making profits from their cause than achieving some political purposes . The USA Patriot Act was passed to allow law enforcement agencies greater latitude in fighting terrorism.

HR Planning in Dynamic Economic Environment

Introduction The last couple of decades have witnessed unprecedented changes in worldwide economic environment due to a wide spectrum of issues, namely globalization, technological advancements, liberalization, intense global competition, and changes in governance structures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on HR Planning in Dynamic Economic Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These new developments have forced organizational managers to acquire new management dispensation in every sector of the organization in the hope of retaining or even increasing their competitive advantage. Due to the dynamic economic environment of the 21st century, organizations all over the world are being forced to actively acquire knowledge and new management techniques as their competitive advantage is, more than ever before, dependent on incessant knowledge development and modern management enhancement (Thames Webster, 2009 p. 12). The Human Resources (HR) function is one of the most domineering frontiers charged with the responsibility of assisting organizations to wade through the turbulences of changing economic environment. Without this function, it would be almost impossible for organizations to acquire the requisite knowledge needed to maintain their competitive advantage. Against this backdrop, this paper purposes to discuss how a modern approach to HR planning is applicable in a changing and dynamic environment. Understanding HR Planning and Dynamic Economic Environment The successful planning and management of human resources (HR) is perhaps one of the most fundamental engines of growth in organizations. It is indeed true that organizations that fail to establish a HR plan for the future run the danger of not having the desired employees on board to take them through the ever changing economic environment (Fountaine, 2005 p. 25). HR planning entails bringing focus, alignment, purpose and energy to the organization’s business strategy through available manpower resources. According to Idris Eldridge (1998), HR planning is a term used to define how organizations ensure that their employees are the right staff to perform the required duties.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pattanayak (2005) defines effective HR planning as â€Å"†¦a process of analyzing an organization’s human resource needs under changing conditions and developing the activities necessary to satisfy those needs† (p. 34). In essence, the central theme of HR planning should be to capture the employee component of what an entity is hoping to accomplish in both medium and long-term scenarios. As such, an effective HR plan or strategy must always ensure the organization has the right kind of people with the right mix of professional skills and expertise. Such a plan must also en sure that the employees exhibit the right attitudes, organizational values, behaviours and professionalism (Jackson Schuler, 1990 p. 223). In addition, HR planning must be viewed broadly as a management process. It is the duty of managers in liaison with members of staff to establish the strategic bearing and the outcomes of the organizations they serve. In this respective, a comprehensive HR strategy or plan plays a fundamental function in the attainment of a company’s general strategic objectives, and inarguably demonstrates that the HR function fully comprehend and support the bearing taken by the organization in maintaining its status and competitive advantage (Idris Eldridge, 1998 p. 350). A comprehensive HR plan will also extend support to other definite strategic objectives and departments within the organization such as the marketing, operational, and information technology functions. Consequently, HR planning is able to add value to the organization through clear a rticulation of some common themes and underlying issues that lie behind the accomplishment of the organization’s objectives, plans and strategies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on HR Planning in Dynamic Economic Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As already mentioned, organizations are increasingly finding themselves operating in an environment that is becoming fast-paced and competitive by the day. In other words, they are operating in a dynamic economic environment, where the pace and extent of change has drastically increased. In brief, a dynamic economic environment comprises of changing economic scenarios in which the organization must navigate safely to remain relevant in today’s business environment (McKenna Breech, 2008 p. 169). Unlike in traditional cases where organizational changes were premeditated and occurred at a calculated pace, today’s organizations must learn to q uickly adapt to new circumstances and overcome possibly irregular obstacles in a dynamic economic environment. In today’s dynamic economic environment, changes in business strategies are much more frequent and capricious, and are often determined by events and global happenings rather than made on a premeditated timeline. As such, HR planning can add value to the organization by making sure that the organization takes account of and comprehensively plan for situations and changes that are bound to occur in the wider environment (Vito, 2008 p. 84). These changes, which are expected to have a far-reaching impact on the organization, may include influences in the general employment market, changes in employee relations, changes in the legal structures surrounding employment, and new flexible work practices, among others. Traditional versus Contemporary Approaches to HR Planning Having discussed HR Planning and the changing economic environment, it is imperative to look at the tr aditional and contemporary approaches towards the process of HR planning. In this day and age, there still remain organizations which are favoured by traditional approaches towards HR planning.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A traditional approach to HR planning can be defined as â€Å"the use of systematic techniques to forecast supply and demand three to five years ahead† (Taylor, 2005 p.105). Organizations that use this approach share some similar characteristics. First, these organizations must be large enough to actively be able to devote key resources to the enterprise. Second, they must be operating in realistically steady product and labour markets. In other words, these organizations functions well if changes in the external environment happen at a more measured pace (Idris Eldridge, 1998 p. 347). Third, organizations practicing a traditional approach to HR planning are likely to have key members of staff who require lengthy, comprehensive and expensive training. Lastly, such organizations are likely to be competing in sectors in which decisions regarding investments in key equipments and human resources are made some several years ahead. Taylor (2005) is of the opinion that many organi zations in the United Kingdom, namely health and educational institutions, social services, oil corporations, local and central governments, utility companies, major banks, and others, share most of the above distinguishing characteristics. This therefore means that they are engaged in traditional approach to HR planning. In such organizations, change in the economic environment is comparatively predictable over the short-term even if such change occurs quickly. The shutting of departments, strategic expansion into new frontiers, and other organizational changes do not in any way take place overnight. Characteristically, there will be at least several months’ caution of probable organizational changes, allowing time for reputable HR forecasts to be adapted. This forms the general mechanics of the traditional approach to HR planning. Inarguably, it can be said that the non-existence of an active HR planning function in many of these organizations translates to the fact that th ey are unable to maximally exploit their long-term efficiency and effectiveness (Taylor, 2005 p. 105). On the other hand, a contemporary approach towards HR planning institutes a firm link between the broad spectrum of environmental and organizational aspects on the one hand, and particular human resource programmes on the other (Pattanayak, 2005 p. 34). This approach is mostly used by small and large organizations operating in a fast-paced dynamic environment. The HR planning approach is also used by organizations that are â€Å"†¦unable to know from one quarter to the next what turnover is likely to be achieved† (Taylor, 2005 p. 106). For these organizations, the institution of official, methodical planning function to make well informed predictions on the basis of preceding organizational patterns and managerial judgment does not in any way make a cost-effective proposition. In contemporary approach to HR planning, the market, existing resources, and organizational ar rangements are simply too volatile to allow significant forecasts to be made and organizational plans to be instituted relating to staffing requirements a year or more ahead (Taylor, 2005 p. 106). What is required in this approach is an alteration of the standards essential to HR planning, coupled with the advancement of newer approaches and techniques. The contemporary approach operates under the premise that organizations have to adapt to the dynamic economic environment much faster and with enhanced risk since they are operating in a deficient internal and external environment (Briggs, 2001 para. 4). The contemporary approach to HR planning acknowledges that organizations must move towards a knowledge economy, globalization, information administration, and employment of individuals for their creativity and knowledge. The contemporary approach to HR planning features a strong link between employee goals, plans and aspirations on the one hand, and organizational goals and objective s on the other (Pattanayak, 2005, p. 35). Historically, HR programmes have always been developed to satisfy the needs of the organization. However, in the years ahead, HR approaches must strike a balance between organizational requirements and the requirements of workers and society at large. Unlike the traditional approach, the contemporary approach to HR planning takes into account employee careers, personal interests, professional development roadmaps, and relocation preferences. The approach revolves around the premise that what is measured to be good for the employee should inarguably prove to be good for the organization as well. Advantages and Disadvantages of HR Planning Organizations stand to gain from the many benefits related to successful HR planning. One of the advantages is the discovery of sources of manpower which have the capacity to provide adequate number of workers having the suitable levels of knowledge, expertise and work ethos (Pattanayak, 2005, p. 34). In oth er words, HR planning has the capacity to generate the requisite human resource. Inarguably, this is one of the hallmarks of contemporary approach to HR planning. While it is imperative to guarantee a match in the number of employees employed, it is also significant to attain the right mix of expertise among the workforce. Indeed, HR planning remains fundamentally significant in turbulent economic periods, if only to make sure that organizations have employees of the desired quality and quantity, accessible at the right time (Marchington Wilkinson, 2005 p. 158). In this respective, HR planning also offers the advantage of developing â€Å"†¦a system for providing a suitable worker-job-fit† (Pattanayak, 2005 p. 34). This enhances the business strategy and competitive advantage of organizations practicing HR Planning. The Second advantage borders on the fact that HR planning offers the capacity of incorporating significant elements of human resource planning and developme nt into the general corporate planning of the organization (Pattanayak, 2005 p. 34). In other words, it encourages employers to develop detailed and explicit correlations between the nature of their businesses and HR strategies and plans in the hope of incorporating the two more efficiently. For instance, HR planning in the realm of a contemporary approach will see an organization open up to the career and personal development needs of its employees, not mentioning the fact that it will offer more supple work schedules and accountable practices for hiring. In this perspective, HR planning is inarguably viewed as a foremost facilitator of the organization’s business strategy and competitive advantage. Third, HR planning provides a personal profile of current members of staff in terms of age, position, gender, racial orientation and disability status (Marchington Wilkinson, 2005 p. 159). This is fundamentally important for contemporary organizations claiming to practice equal opportunity. Forth, HR planning enables an organization to set up its strategic direction and plan for its total workforce (Badaway, 2007 p. 59). Fifth, effective HR planning necessitates better control of staffing needs and the number of employed workers. In the modern changing economic environment, it is always imperative for employers to make accurate estimations about projected staffing requirements, â€Å"irrespective of whether a growth or decline in numbers is predicted, because this makes it easier for employers to match supply and demand† (Marchington Wilkinson, 2005 p. 159). Also, contemporary HR planning enables employers to control the ever rising labour outlays and safeguard tighter profit margins roped in by the organization. These are important functions that are strongly linked to the organization’s business strategy. In today’s dynamic economic environment, organizations must vehemently be able to chart their own future or risk failure HR plann ing, like any other management strategy, has its own disadvantages. Some organizations who may want to appear flexible view HR planning as a bureaucratic and rigid way of managing people and organizational resources (Marchington Wilkinson, 2005 p. 158). For them, it does not make much business sense to make plans in an uncertain and turbulent economic environment as they will always be unprecedented influences of external outcomes. A case in point is the recent economic meltdown witnessed in nearly all economies in the world. Other critics of HR planning argue that it is time-consuming, expensive and complex. The strategies espoused in HR planning can also turn complicated. Contemporary Approach to HR Planning and Dynamic Changing Environment The contemporary approach to HR planning views the market and other organizational arrangements as being too volatile and uncertain to allow for significant forecasts relating to staffing needs to be made a year or more ahead (Taylor, 2005 p. 106). Not too long ago, organizations were actively able to forecast and plan about the future with greater certainty than it is the case today as local and international economies were normally more stable and predictable (Burack, 1993 p. 1). HR planning was easier since the environment was more certain. But today, the forces of change in the dynamic environment are sweeping across all sectors of organizational life. As such, it is becoming increasingly impossible to apply the traditional approach to HR planning, especially in organizations operating in tight labour markets, where they are obligated to commit significant material and human resources to compete effectively in the dynamic economic environment (Taylor, 2005 p. 106). Consequently, the contemporary approach to HR planning seems much more applicable in today’s ever-changing business environment. Presently, hardly a day passes by without receiving information about some major new business developments in the name o f expansions, downsizing, mergers, acquisitions, takeovers, and business reorganizations (Taylor, 2005 p. 106). In traditional approach to HR planning, such business developments would destroy the lives and employment relationships of the concerned employees, not mentioning the fact that some developments such as downsizing, acquisitions and takeover bids would negatively influence the efficiency of employees due to lack of prior preparation (Burack, 1993 p. 1). It should be noted that in traditional approach to HR planning, systematic procedures are used to anticipate supply and demand of material and human resources some three to five years ahead. Therefore, in the modern-day world where the forces of supply and demand changes at an international level without provocation, contemporary approach to HR planning seems the only valid strategy (McKenna Breech, 2008 p. 157). In today’s business environment, organizations must have the capacity to respond to considerable environm ental developments that keep propping up due to the dynamic nature of the environment. For instance, organizations are increasingly being faced with the prospects of new business opportunities or some aspects of negative publicity (Taylor, 2005, p. 106). As such, the traditional multi-layered top-down approach toward HR planning is inadequately capable of handling such challenges, which may inarguably expose the organization and employees to a lot of suffering and loss of productivity unless immediate remedial measures are taken. Consequently, a flatter and leaner contemporary approach is more applicable in a dynamic changing environment as it enhances faster and more effective communication, information flow and organizational outcomes (Burack, 1993 p. 2). Lastly, the changing work attitudes and ethos only serves to reinforce the fact that the contemporary approach to HR planning is more applicable in a dynamic changing environment. Not so long ago, employment relations assumed a r easonable day’s work for a reasonable day’s pay package under moderately constant business conditions. Employee loyalty and quality work were compensated through varying levels of job security. Presently, continuous change, insecurity and temporariness have inarguably substituted stability, certainty and permanency (Burack, 1993 p.3). According to Burack, â€Å"†¦continuous performance improvement, acquiring new skills, employee flexibility, cost options and adding value have assumed great importance to companies† (p.3). Certainly, the traditional approach is ill equipped to handle such work ethos due to its static nature. However, the contemporary approach to HR planning in a dynamic changing environment has its own fair share of problems. Experts believe that the contemporary approach inflicts new requirements and stipulations on managerial and employee functions, effectively changing the nature of work life for individuals (Burack, 1993 p. 3). The effect iveness of contemporary approach to HR planning is known to exclusively depend on how the existing human resources are utilized and how future requirements are met (Pattanayak, 2005 p. 34). Organizations that fail to balance these fundamental functions have found themselves on the receiving end as far as contemporary approach to HR planning is concerned. The approach is somewhat complex to fathom, and requires a great deal of exercise to perfect. Overall, the contemporary approach to HR planning is definitely more applicable in a dynamic changing environment. Relevance of HR Planning to Contemporary Organization The relevance of HR planning to modern organizations can never be underestimated. The HR planning function â€Å"involves forecasting the organization’s future human resource needs and planning for how those needs will be met† (Jackson Schuler, 1990 p. 223). It is therefore very relevant to contemporary organizations as it engages employers in forecasting the future requirements for manpower resources, thereby enhancing the business strategy and competitive advantage of the respective organizations. Indeed, the HR planning component of organizations is actively engaged in developing and implementing programmes and strategies that necessitate the organization to accomplish its human resource objectives. This is a fundamental role to contemporary organizations in their attempts to retain their competitive advantage and further their business strategy. The modern business environment is overflowing with environmental instabilities, technological shifts, variations in demographic characteristics, and global competition. To survive in such a tumultuous environment, there is need for contemporary business organizations to adapt newer strategies to HR planning (Jackson Schuler, 1990 p. 223). In this regard, it is safe to argue that HR planning is relevant to contemporary organizations as it acts as a facilitator in the process of negotiating a n external business environment that is characteristically dynamic and ever-changing. Presently, major transformations in the business environments are forcing employers to incorporate business planning with HR planning in the hope of remaining on the safe side through the adoption of short-term and long-term business strategies and objectives (Jackson Schuler, 1990 p. 223). This function is better handled by HR planning, especially the contemporary approach. Therefore, it can be argued that for organizations to remain relevant in today’s ever-changing business, political and socio-economic atmosphere, they must be aligned to either one of the approaches to HR planning. In contemporary times where uncertainty and unpredictability is the rule rather than the exemption, it makes more business sense to align organizations to contemporary approach to HR planning. A business entity that fails to lay concrete plans and strategies for the future have minimal opportunities to surviv e the stiff competition (Caruth Hondlogten, 1997 p. 121). In this perspective, the concept of HR planning is extremely relevant to the modern organization as it characterizes a major competitive advantage for the organization. Lastly, the determination of the organization’s long-term human resource requirements understandably stem from its strategic business plan. The strategic business plan is the document that outlines the direction in which the organization purposes to move, both in short-term and long-term. Through premeditated business planning and HR planning, â€Å"the institution clarifies its mission and purpose, sets its goals and objectives, and develops courses of action that it hopes will lead to goal accomplishment and mission fulfilment† (Caruth Hondlogten, 1997 p. 121). In this respective, HR planning is indeed very relevant in today’s ever-changing economic environment as it serves to assist the contemporary organization accomplish its goals a nd mission. From the discussion above, it can be safely concluded that HR planning is indeed very relevant to contemporary organizations. The HR planning component has undoubtedly assisted organizations to match the size and expertise of their manpower resources to the needs and requirements of the organizations (Rothwell Kazanas, 2003 p. 34). In addition, the component continues to assist contemporary organizations to recruit, train, retain, and maximize the deployment of manpower resources needed to fulfil organizational objectives, in addition to responding to dynamic changes in the external environment. HR planning facilitates contemporary organizations to undertake a skills evaluation of the existing employees. The HR function also assists organizations to undertake manpower forecasting, in addition to taking proactive remedies to ensure supply meets demand (Noe et al, 2004 p. 110). The relevancy of HR planning also stems from the fact that it has the capacity to link the busi ness strategy of contemporary organizations with their operational strategy. It decreases the risk of losing There are many examples of contemporary organizations utilizing HR planning to further their business strategy and maintain competitive advantage. For instance, many government-run banking institutions1 practice HR planning. The health2 and education sectors in many countries continue to employ HR planning to cater for the needs of their respective manpower resources (Yambesi, 2009 p. 2). Some individual organizations that have greatly succeeded through the use of HR planning include Nepal Telecom, Marriot Corporation, Sony, and Camden Corporation (Ulrich, 1992). Future Directions for HR Planning The cross-cutting concept of HR planning seems to be gaining steam by the day as organizations attempts to outdo each other in the dynamic and ever-changing business environment of the 21st Century. As already mentioned elsewhere in this paper, organizations that lack an effective HR planning strategy may never gain the capacity to penetrate the uncompromising business environment of contemporary times (Rothwell Kazanas, 2003 p. 4). Judging from existing indications such as the effects of globalization, changes in technology and economic downturns, it is indeed plausible to argue that the business environment of the future requires proactive rather than reactive strategies (Isaacs, 1989; Bramham, 2000 p. 67). HR planning is a proactive approach that can be of great significance in assisting organizations adapt to these forces of change. The future belongs to organizations that will run their operations in an efficient and effective manner. The business environment is becoming much more unstable by the day, pushing some organizations towards the periphery of collapse. As such, it is imperative for organizations to lay emphasis on HR planning as the facilitator of effective and efficient operations aimed at fulfilling their business strategy and enhancing compet itive advantage (Isaacs, 1989). In this respective, HR planning must therefore be applied by all organizations wishing to stay afloat in these turbulent times, with a focus on assisting them adapt to the ever-changing economic environment. Undoubtedly, HR planning will continue to be used in the future to determine the business and staffing needs of organizations (Greer, 2000 p. 128). These functions are critical in ensuring organizations retain their competitive clout in an ever-changing business environment. Indeed, the role of HR planning in informing future workforce planning patterns, organizational best practices and strategic business insights have been well cut by today’s deterministic and unstable business environment. It is therefore safe to assume that the role of HR planning in managing employee and organizational needs in today’s unstable world is bound to increase in the future Conclusion From the discussions above, it is vehemently clear that HR planning is very relevant in today’s changing and dynamic economic environment. The practice of HR planning has not only enabled organizations to have the right mix of workers with the right mix of experiences at the opportune time, but it has also served to align organizational requirements to those of individual employees. Business organizations exist to make profits for their shareholders. As such, it is important that they maintain their competitive advantage in the most unstable of economic environments. Undoubtedly, one of the strategies that can be used to assist organizations to enhance their business strategy and competitive advantage is HR planning. The issue of planning is important in every aspect of our human lives. In equal measure, effective planning lays the groundwork for organizational success and excellence. HR planning also entails gathering of information, outlining of objectives and strategies, and making decisions to allow the enterprise accomplish its objectiv es (Badaway, 2007 p. 60). By any standards, this is a noble undertaking that should be emulated by all HR professionals. In today’s changing and dynamic environment, such an avenue must be utilized by right-thinking organizations in their pursuit for performance, efficiency and stability. Although it may seem rather bureaucratic and rigid to plan ahead, the benefits of HR planning in contemporary times far outweigh its real or perceived disadvantages. List of References Badaway, M. K. (2007) Managing Human Resources. Research Technology Management, Vol. 50, issue 4, pp. 56-74. Bramham, J. (2000) Human Resource Planning. University Press. ISBN: 8173712611642 Briggs, S., Keogh, W. (2001) Integrating Human Resources Strategy and Strategic Planning  to achieve Business Excellence. Web. Burack, E.H. (1993) Strategic Downsizing: Human Resource Planning Approaches. Web. Caruth, N., Hondlogten, G.D. (1997) Staffing the Contemporary Organization: A Guide to  Planning, Recruiting and Selecting for Human Resource Professionals. Greenwood Publishing, Inc. ISBN: 0275955230 Fountaine, D. (2005). Human Resources: What’s your Plan? Public Management, Vol. 87, Issue 1, pp. 25-28. Greer, C.R. (2000) Strategic Human Resource Management: A General Managerial Approach, 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0130279501 Idris, A.R., Eldridge, D. (1998) Reconceptualising Human Resource Planning in Response to Institutional Change. International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 343-357. Isaacs, H. (1989) Human Resource Management in the Caribbean: Planning for the Future.  Journal of Public Personnel Management, Vol. 18, No. 1. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. (1990). Human Resource Planning: Challenges for Industrial Psychologists. American Psychologist, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 223-239. Web. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A. (2005) Human Resource Management at Work: People  Management and Development. CIPD Publishing. ISBN: 1843980622 McKenna, E., Breech, N. (2008) Hum an Resource Management: A Concise Analysis, 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0273694189 Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P.M. (2004) Fundamentals of Human  Resource Management. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pattanayak, B. (2005). Human Resource Management, 3rd Ed. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 812032711X Rothwell, W.J., Kazanas, H.C. (2003) Planning and Managing Human Resources: Strategic  Planning for Personnel Management, 2nd Ed. Amherst, Massachusetts: HRD Press, Inc. ISBN: 0874257182 Taylor, S. (2005) People Resourcing. CIPD Publishing. ISBN: 1843980770 Thames, B., Webster, D.W. (2009) Chasing Change: Building Organizational Capacity in  Turbulent Environment. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN: 0470381388 Ulrich, D. (1992) Strategic and Human Resource Planning: Linking Customers and Employees.  Human Resource Planning, Vol. 15, No. 2. Vito, K.W. (2008) The Human Resources Audit. Internal Auditor, Vol. 65, Issue 2, pp. 83-85. Yambesi, G.D. (2 009) Human Resource Planning and Development in the Public Service: The  Case of Tanzania. Web. Footnotes 1 Government-run financial institutions such as the Federal Reserve Bank (US) and the Royal Bank of Scotland are forced to upgrade their own members of staff through the provision of the latest skills and professional knowledge to enable them compete favorably with other rising banking institutions (Noe et al, 2004) 2 The health and education sectors in developing countries have nearly collapsed due to lack of HR planning approaches (Source: Yambesi, 2009) This essay on HR Planning in Dynamic Economic Environment was written and submitted by user Haven F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Freedom of Speech Essay Example

Freedom of Speech Essay Example Freedom of Speech Essay Freedom of Speech Essay Mia Donte Knox En 1103-01 Ms. Kimbrough 29 June 2011 Freedom of Speech or Denial: An Analysis Of â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on the Campus† The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. The amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. The article, â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus,† by Derek Bok opens with a life changing scenario and information regarding the freedom of speech for those on the Harvard campus. Bok’s article voices his opinion about the First Amendment and should it make it okay to act upon racist acts, such as those that occurred on Harvard’s campus. As Bok stated in his essay, â€Å"two students hung Confederate flags in public view, upsetting students who equate the Confederacy with slavery. A third student tried to protest the flags by displaying a swastika† (Bok 172). This incident brought about many discussions and disagreements among many people on and off the campus. Bok writes a very sufficient and informative article by using pathos, ethos, and logos frequently. Bok’s article is strongly opinionated, even though it lacks concrete facts. He states many passionate points, making the reader more open to things he says in his work and to help understand how he personally feels about the essay. The way he states his opinion gives the reader room to feel the way he or she would like, but never forgetting his own voice. He uses pathos to appeal to the emotion of his readers. : By using words such as regret and stating that he completely shares the view of those who feel as if, â€Å"hanging a Confederate flag in public view or displaying a swastika in response is insensitive and unwise because any satisfaction it gives to the students who display these symbols is far outweighed by the discomfort is causes many others† (Bok 172). He portrays to the reader that he cares and does not approve of such heinous acts and allows the reader to feel him through these words. â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus† shows that Bok possess ethos by showing he knows the law of the land and the guidelines of the school. Bok states in his essay â€Å" under the Supreme Court’s ruling, as I read them, the display of swastikas or Confederate flags clearly falls within the protection of the free-speech clause of the First Amendment and cannot be forbidden simply because it offends the feelings of many members of the community. This one statement gave him a certain right to speak. Bok’s essay is written with lots of logos in the way he states the things he knows and how he feels. Facts and opinions are a vital part of this article, seeing that it was written to appeal and inform. His various statements such as â€Å"although it is unclear to what extent the First Amendment is enforceable against private institutions, I have difficulty understanding why a university such as Harvard should have less free speech than the surrounding society or that of a public university† (Bok 173), â€Å"the fact that speech is protected by the First Amendment does not necessarily mean that it is right, proper, or civil† (Bok 172) Bok uses his opinions backed by a few facts from his own knowledge to help persuade the reader to agree with his viewpoints brought forth. Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus† by Derek Bok is written based upon his own beliefs, facts, and some research. Bok’s article, however, lacks credibility due to the fact of his limited facts to back his own opinions. Although his essay fails to prove ethos without any substantial documentation, he comes close to making up for it with his passionate appeal to readers and his relevant, but not concrete data. His main source is his own opinion and beliefs from what he has seen, heard, or experienced himself. So even though Bok article is a very good one, his lack of sources makes his statements questionable. Work Cited Bok, Derek. â€Å"Protecting Freedom of Expression on The Campus. † Forming a Critical Perspective. Eds. Ann Spurlock, et al. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2010. 267-270. Print.